Poultry Farm Equipment

1. Introduction
With global broadcasting of afflicts extremely pathogenic Avian (HPAI) through several countries since 2003 and especially, the confirmation of the epidemic to Nigeria, there is a new attention set up itself on the under sector by the Government of Nigeria (GoN) and the international community. As the party of this new initiative, CAM wants to collate available current the news to furnish a general general idea of the under poultry sector to Nigeria. The flu of Avian (a virus of murderer) was recognized at first as an as extremely mortal disease and system (c.-a -d. afflicts it extremely pathogenic or extremely virulent avian of the last 1870 to 1981. HP HAVE was known by the various names including the poultry plague (the most common one), the poultry plague, plague aviaire; the plague of gelugel, gallinarium of exsudations of typhus, and the plague of bird of Brunswick (WHO,2004).

The flu of Avian was retrieved as HP HAVE ("the poultry plague") in 1878 by Perruacito in Italy. at first the disease was confused with the form of sharp septicemic of choledra of poultry until 1880 when Rivoltgo and Delprato differentiated the two base on the characteristic clinics and pathological. In 1901, Centanni and savonuzzi determined the cause was a filterable agent, but the virus was not classified as a flu virus until 1995 (THAT, 2006).

February, 2006, Nigeria announced officially cases of flu of extremely pathogenic avian (HPAI) the virus in the poultry in the town of Jaji of state of Kaduna after the disease first was discovered to the farms of Sambawa in the month of January, 2006.
The economical growth and the public implications of health of the diseases are addressed by the agency of United States for the International development in the collaboration with the Nigerian government that resulted therefore to a formation workshop in the southwestern city of Ibadan following his eruption in the month of May 2006. This study distinguishes itself therefore other studies with his principal objective that surrounds the determination of the effect of eruption of flu of avian on the poultry producers. It helps to consider the price effect of products of poultry, the work, climb itself spent on the drugs, the veterinary attention, the quantities of used water on the production of products of poultry.
2. Theoretical framework
The flu of Avian (the bird flu) is a viral disease caused by the virus of flu of avian of the orthomyxoviridae of family and the kind (the type) the flu virus A, characterized by respiratory distress, reduced nourishes and waters the taken. In the birds of configuration of egg, there is a decline in the production of egg and the quality. (The streams and Al 2004). Poultry more notably migratory of water chicks wild are the natural reservoir of virus of flu of avian and these birds is also the most resistant one to the infection. The poultry domesticates, including the chickens and the turkeys are notably susceptible to the epidemics of quickly fatal flu (THAT, 2004). Direct or indirect contact flocks domesticate with the migratory poultries of wild water was implied as a cause frequents epidemics. The markets in bird life played also an important role in the broadcasting of the epidemics (THAT, 2004).
The recent research showed that the viruses of can of low pathogenicity, after the circulation for the sometimes short periods in a poultry population, transfer in the extremely pathogenic viruses. During a 1983-1984 epidemics to United States of America, the H5N2 virus caused at first to approach low mortality 90%. the Check of the eruption demanded the destruction of birds of more than 17 million to a cost of almost United States and a 1999-2001 epidemics in Italy, the H7N1 virus, at first of low pathogenicity, transfered 9MONTHS to an extremely pathogenic form. The birds of more than 13 million are dead or were destroyed. Outside of the contagious being, the viruses of flu of avian easily are transmitted farm to cultivate by the mechanical means, as the contaminated equipment, the vehicles, to nourish, the cages, or the clothing. The extremely pathogenic viruses can survive for the long periods in the environment, especially when the temperatures are low. The upright sanitary measures on the farms are able nevertheless, confer some degree of protection (THAT, 2004).

A magazine of retrieved cases of afflicts avian on the poultry and the human
The discovery of Flu of Avian was verified to Nigeria by THAT. It was found in the birds domesticate on a big commercial farm in the party of the north of the country. Almost 14 nations now are affected and the high vigilant statute as for the flu of avian remains. The economical analysis set up itself on the impact of the eruptions instead of the effects in the long term of flu of avian pandemic, with smaller but repeated the eruptions more of a number of years. To date, the number of disease and the human recorded deaths is very small and all were climbed back up until the origin to contact with the poultry or the products of not poultry cook (ESCAP, 2005).

The flu of Avian is able to cause certain of the most dramatic one loses of the and the costs of any disease of poultry. The half of 22 eruptions arrived between 1959 and 1991, but the ten the most recent one arrived in the last one 13 years (the International Poultry, 2004). These viruses are normally specific types, meaning that the viruses infect an individual type (the humans, the certain type of birds, the pig horses, and the seals) the stay '' true'' to this type, and this only rarely flood to cause the infection of other type. Since 1959, the examples of human infection with a virus of flu of avian were informed on only 10 occasions (CDC, 2006).
The symptoms of human (H5N1) the infections include the high fever, and the flu likes the symptoms: The diarrhea, Vomiting, the abdominal pain, the chest pain, and bleeding of the nose and eraser was retrieved in some patients (CDC, 2006). At the end of the months of December 2006, two people are dead in the state of Lagos, Nigeria of bird disease that afflicts affectiant after the food sick birds, but they were not confirmed as the flu of positive avian. Nevertheless in the month of January 2007, a female victim of 22 years is dead in the state of Lagos of infection of flu of confirmed avian after treating and eating sick birds. If removed the very proof of people that were infected with the flu of avian indicates that the contact close with the dead or sick birds the principal source of human infection. The other factors of risk of human infection include to cut down, defeathering, cutting down and the preparation for the consumption of infected birds. The disease in the humans follows a course clinic abnormally aggressive, with the quick deterioration and the dead top (CDCs, 2006).

Therefore base on the literature magazine declared above, it becomes the imperative one to undertake a specific study of the economical effect of afflicts avian on the poultry production in the south Nigeria of west, to suggest that the producers of poultry of possible measures could take to fight and to prevent future broadcasting of the virus pandemic.
3. Try the techniques and the data analysis
The sample population for the study consists in all the farms of poultry that basically are engaged in to raise it birds of poultry. Try Purposive was done because only the affected farmers were targeted the approach balling of snow of usage. Thirty-one affected farmers of poultry were chosen states of Oyo and Ogun. Ten of the state of Ogun and twenty-one of Oyo declare. This resolutely was chosen because the literatures revealed that the mass of the farmers of poultry in these sectors won the experience in the additional hours of production of poultry
The used data for this study principally were primary sources that were collected farms of poultry in the study sector with the carefully structured questionnaires. The questions were replied by the poultry farmers that have access to demanded the news on the economical effect of afflicts avian on the capacity of production of the farmers of poultry; helping thus to attain the objectives of this study.
The analysis stops regression is used in this study for knowledge if there is the significant difference between the production of production of poultry before as against after that the broadcasting of the virus while Margin Brute is used in to analyze the net returns of farmers of poultry before and after virus broadcasting. These two are expantiated on to the under.

The analysis brute of Margin
The rumble of the farmers of poultry was used as the measure of their execution of matters.
The Margin brute = tr-tvc
Therefore GM = PxQ- TVC
Where GM = Margin Brute
P = the Price of Production
Q = the Quantity of Products of Poultry
TVC = Totals the Variable Cost.

The analysis stops Regression
This was used to analyze the factors that affect the production of the products of poultry of the farmers of poultry
In the implicit terms, the functional form is as data;
There = f(X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6).
Explicitly, it can be as informer;
Before; Y1 =? 0 + ?1X1 +?2X2 +--------- + ?6X6 + ei
After; Y1 =? o + ?1X1 +? 2 X2+---------+?6X6 + ei
Where X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6 is independent variables
There = the production of products of poultry by the day
X1 = the prices of products of poultry by the day
X2 = the work (hr of man by the day)
X3 = the Quantity spent on the drugs by the day
X4, = the Quantities of water used by the day
X5 = the Quantity spent on the veteran by the day
X6 = the Quantities of nourish used by the day
4. Results and discussion
Only there are limited works on the economical effects of afflicts avian in the affected countries of the world. Nevertheless, this study examines the range of the damages of the eruptions on the poultry farmers in southwestern Nigeria as reflected in the results to the under.
MARGIN BRUTE ANALYZES
The formula to analyze Margin Analyzes Brute is:
GM = TR ae" TVC
Postpone 1: Total income of Producers of Poultry before as against after the Eruption
Before the eruption After the eruption
Push Sales 34523548000 839800
Grill sales 624276000 48000
Spent birds 4120000 278500
Total income 35151944000 1166300
Source: The field examines, 2007
Table above, it can be concluded that total income of products of poultry before the eruption of the virus of flu was far bigger than than it was after the eruption. This is in reason on account of the fact that the poultry producers lost the confidence in their consumers and could not do as much as they won before the eruption.
Postpone 2: The total Variable Cost of Producers of Poultry before as against after the Eruption
Before the eruption After the eruption
The cost of Birds 289420000 1350000
The cost of Nourish 1157400 7500000
The cost of Water 470600 2250000
Electricity cost 101000 1800000
The cost of Nourish 470600 1200000
Discussion cost 183000 4000000
The tax 88680 790
Supply Cost 423100 26000000
Interest 25000 -----
The total Variable Cost A 292250700 40100790
Source: The field examines, 2007
The above mentioned table revealed that the poultry farmers could not invest as much of in the poultry production because of the contracted losses following the eruption. It is discovered that before the eruption, the poultry farmers should invest a lot of in the poultry production but right away the eruption arrived, the poultry farmers could not invest as much as they could have invested after the eruption.
Postpone 3: The analysis brute of Margin results
BEFORE THE ERUPTION APRES THE ERUPTION
TR 35151944000 1166300
TVC 292250700 40100790
GM 34859693300 -38934490
Source: The field examines, 2007
Therefore, GM before the eruption = 3485963300
GM after the eruption = -38934490
Above, it can be concluded that the poultry farmers did a big net profit before the eruption but right away apreds the eruption they met a big loss (the margin brute negative) affecting thus their profitability that arrived following the big ravaging invoked by the mortal virus that affected the poultry farmers directly and indirectly.
The ANALYSIS STOPS REGRESSION WITH THE USAGE OF TEST OF CHOW.
The effect of flu of avian on the execution of production of poultry is examined using the regression analysis stops. Six variables are adopted as the explanatory variables for the variation that exists in the production of products of poultry before and after the eruption of the virus of flu of avian on the poultry production. In View the number of significant variables, double the newspaper function was chosen also the first equation for this study as it furnished the highest number of significant variables. The result is given in the table to the under.
Postpone 4: The analysis stops Regression results for before and after
The Coefficient of variable Standard Errors
The prices of products of poultry -0.8506
(-3.24*) 0.261902
Labor 1.31
(9.57*) 0.1371
The quantity spent on the drugs -0.33
(-2.01*) 0.166
The quantities of water used 0.277
(1,47) 0.187
The quantity spent on the veterinary attention 0.422
(0,57) 0.483
The quantities of nourish 0.232
(0,56) 0.408
The constant one 4.826
(2,64) 1.82
Source: The field examines, 2007 *Significant to 5%
R2 = 0.8417
Tailored R2 = 0.82447
F = 48.75
The analysis stops regression was estimated using the chow test by layer software. Table, the positive and extremely significant coefficient work confirms positive relation foreseen between the production of products of poultry and of work; that means that the work is a very important factor in to explain the changes in the production of farmers of poultry. Nevertheless, the price coefficient of products of poultry and of quantity spent on the drugs are the negative demonstration but significant statistiquement that they inversely are related to the production of products of poultry. It means that an increase in the prices of products of poultry and of quantity spent on the drug results to a decrease in the production of products of poultry.
The coefficients of quantities of used water, the quantity spent on the attention and the veterinary quantities of nourish are positive but not significant statistiquement that that shows that the two are of not explanatory good variables in to obtain the production of products of poultry in the study sector.

Besides, table, tailored R- square indicates that 82 percent of the variation on the production of products of poultry (the depending variable) is explained by the explanatory variables while to remain it 18 percent is explained by the error term.
The test of no Cut of chow for the regression stops in the table 4
Postpone 5: The test of no interruption of chow: 31
The F STATISTICS 2.875308 Probably. 0.0137
Note the probability 21.71082 Probably. 0.00285


Source: The field examines, 2007
The hypothesis that tries;
Ho: ? o =? o {there is not significant difference between the production of products of poultry before
and after the out to break}
H1: ? 1 =? 1 {There is different significant between the production of products of poultry before
And after the eruption}.
The table shows function to the newspaper probability that is estimated to be 21.7 for all the farmers of poultry in the study sector. It is observed that all the estimations of standard error are significant and different statistiquement Zero to (=0.01). This indicates that a good crisis of exactness of the assumption of specified distribution of term of composed error.
Hypothesis of functioning, the value of THERE is not equals to zero that is THERE? 0; therefore, the no hypothesis Ho: ? O =? o is refused. We accept therefore the alternate one that declares that there is the significant difference between the production of products of poultry before the eruption as against after the eruption.

5. The problems of political, the implications and the recommendations
A question key of political one for the government of Nigeria and no other countries on the eruption of flu of bird is how to win confidence and the confidence of the population that consumes the poultry, minimize the panic and the interruption and mobilizes in fact the public as a partner key in to beat the disease. The attention to the disease of flu of avian calls for Nigeria the serious worry for human health as well as for the agricultural sector (especially the industry of poultry that is in the crisis). Quick elimination of the H5N1 virus in the bird populations should be given the high priority as a question of importance of international public health.

More of seminary or the workshop should be done to induce farmers on how to prevent the mortal virus to invade the flock of the farmers of poultry to be more productive and takes them advantage also the occasion to be able to do facing the tension of the environment. The coming from the seminary or workshop should well be packed for that it will be simple for the farmers to adopt.

The veterinarians need the sufficient experience in the production of vaccines of flu to a considerable range, notably as the vaccine composition changes every year to equal changes in the circulation of an in reason of the antigenic drift. Nevertheless, at least four months would be necessary to produce a new vaccine, in the significant quantities, able to confer protection against a new subcategory of virus. The poultry farmers should be therefore encouraged on the need for the diversification as they will have something to have recourse to in case broadcasting arrives again.


References
Akintunde O 2006: "450, 0000 birds lost to the flu of bird of murderer". Thursday newspaper of Nigerian Poinason, June 8, 2006 pages 20
Alexander, D.J, (2000) : The history of flu of avian in the Poultry- the world-wide report, Asks 7-8
The streams, G.F, Butel, J, Morse, the S (2004) : Medical microbiology. The hill of McGraw
The businesses inc. all the rights prepare Pages 536-546
The centers for the Check of Disease and Obstacle 2006 Infections of Flu of Avian in Human http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avian/gen-info/avian-flu-humans.htm August 9
CDC (the Centers for the Check of Disease and the Obstacle), (2006) : Avian afflicts: The current page of position 1 and afflicts Avian (the bird flu) the leaves of Fact 1-6.
ESCAP (2005) : The economical social Report of political one: to distribute no 1
CAM (2005) : (Http:// of plague of poultry of Flu of Avian www.antecint.co.uk/man/avianflu.htm)
The International poultry (2004) : the flu lesson of avian for the Required futures 16-20